High diversity and putative novel Class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems effectors from hot springs
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59758/rcci.2025.3.e51Palabras clave:
CRISPR-Cas, Fuentes termales, Cas9, TermófilosResumen
CRISPR-Cas systems are present in ~42% of the bacterial and ~80% of archaeal genomes from all environments but enriched in thermophilic and hyperthermophilic members, reaching ~80% prevalence. Most descriptions of CRISPR-Cas in thermophiles consider hyperthermophilic archaeal species, where class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems are virtually absent. Despite their abundance in thermal environments, no study has described CRISPR-Cas diversity in hot springs communities worldwide in mesothermophilic (40°C-80°C) and circumneutral pH (6–8). Objective: To describe the types and subtypes of CRISPR-Cas systems in 37 hot springs metagenomes within this temperature and pH ranges, emphasizing the mining of novel class 2 variants. Methodology: Quantification of CRISPR-Cas systems through bioinformatic tools. Results: Searching all CRISPR-Cas systems revealed 2296 systems in hot springs, encompassing all types described to date. Using a phylogenetic and identity matrix approach, 57 class 2 effector proteins Cas9 were found, revealing potentially novel variants of Cas9. Conclusions: The large diversity observed could be the first glance toward further characterization of CRISPR-Cas loci and potential new variants with biotechnological applications. Furthermore, the results highlight hot springs for studies of the ecology and evolution of CRISPR-Cas by revealing new genetic sequences that can contribute to filling the gaps in the evolution of these systems.
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